Robert Burns manuscript could have put poet in jeopardy, says scholar

The cancelled working manuscript of the song Ye Jacobites By Name was written by Burns in 1791 in the early years of the French Revolution and is considered by Professor Gerard Carruthers to be the most “explicit instance” where Burns wrote with 18th century current affairs in mind.

It is set against a time when reformers in the British Isles were also agitating for political change when most working people were not permitted to vote.

The draft, entitled Ye Black-nebs By Name, features writing that Carruthers, of the University of Glasgow’s Centre for Robert Burns Studies, believes shows “implicit sympathy” for the reformers.

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“Black-nebs” was a term used to describe reformers in the 1790s, and is defined in the Dictionary of Scots Language as meaning “one viewed as disaffected to the government, especially about the time of the French Revolution and for some time afterwards”.

Black-nebs disappears in the final version of Ye Jacobites by Name.

Carruthers argues that Burns’s use of Jacobites was perhaps in place of contemporary reformers now that the cancelled document has been rediscovered.

He believes Burns opted to keep the draft under wraps out of concern the ideas contained within it could put his career as an exciseman for the British government at risk.

Carruthers said the discovery of the early version of the song, which has been released ahead of the Bard’s birthday on Thursday, provides “a fascinating insight” into his creative genius.

He explained: “The cancelled Ye Black-nebs chimes with other songs, most famously Scots Wha Hae and A Man’s A Man For A’ That’, where revolutionary ideas are smuggled in under the guise of writing about the Scottish wars of independence or universal brotherhood.

“In the end, Ye Black-nebs was more explicit than these texts and is completely overwritten by Jacobite.

“Burns’s original version, however, raises the strong possibility that the finished version is code for more recent 1790s revolutionaries.

“The variant Black-nebs (revolutionaries) instead of Jacobites in the Barnbougle manuscripts references someone of democratic principles following the French Revolution and raises the intriguing proposition that Burns thought first of composing a lyric in the voice of a disillusioned radical of 1790s before moving from a Jacobin-themed to a Jacobite one.

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“If Burns had lived longer, I believe he would have been in favour of political reforms emerging at that time, particularly after the Napoleonic wars of the early 1800s.

“He wouldn’t have continued to use cunning to cover his allegiances, I don’t think. But at the time as a Crown employee and at this point in his life, he hadn’t got there just yet.

“But I believe he would have increasingly been on the side of democratic reform had he lived into the early 19th century.

“However, when this was written, Ellisland, his farm, was not as productive as he would have liked, and things were uncertain financially for him and his growing family.

“He was therefore dependent on his excise employment and couldn’t speak as freely as he might have liked.”

Carruthers (above), the Francis Hutcheson chair of Scottish literature at the University of Glasgow, added the 1790s were “a very dangerous time” for people who backed political reform.

He pointed to the example of Thomas Muir, a famous Scottish reformer, who in 1793 was transported to Botany Bay with a sentence of 14 years after being found guilty of sedition due to speeches he had given on “the ideals of democracy”.